Business Trip Brussels Essay

My flight to Stockholm would be late landing. The pilot told us that we were in a ‘stack’ of planes circling above the snow clouds that were giving Brussels its first taste of winter. Air traffic control had closed the runways for a short period at dawn, and the early morning flights from all around Europe were now being allocated new landing slots along with the long-haul jumbos from the Far East and the US. After a 20-minute delay, we descended bumpily through the clouds, and landed on a recently cleared runway. Even then there was a further ‘hold’ on a taxiway; we were told that the de-icing of the apron was being completed so that planes could proceed to their allocated stands and airbridges. All around the airport I could see the scurrying flashing beacons of the snow-clearing vehicles, the catering suppliers’ vans, the aviation fuel trucks, the baggage trailers, buses transporting crews and passengers, security police cars, and an assortment of other vehicles all going purposefully about their work. Brussels airport always looks busy, with over 10 million passengers a year, but this morning the complexity and scale of the operations were particularly evident. Finally, about an hour late, we pulled up to the gate, the engines were turned off, and we disembarked into an icy-cold airbridge, leaving behind a particularly untidy plane strewn with litter from a full cabin of restless passengers. We passed the team of cleaners and maintenance staff waiting just outside. They will have a hard time this morning; more mess to clear and probably less time than usual to do it, as the airline will want a quick turnaround to get back on to schedule,’ I commented to my colleagues. We could just hear the sounds of frantic activities going on below the plane: baggage and cargo being unloaded, catering vehicles arriving, fuel being loaded, and technicians checking over the engines and control surfaces. Everyone trying to get their work completed quickly and correctly, not least so that they could get back indoors out of the biting cold wind! From the airbridge we walked past the crowded seating areas, where plane-sized groups were gathering anxiously awaiting the signal from the gate staff to board their much delayed flights. Then on to the moving walkways, conveyed leisurely past other departure lounges, equally overfilled with passengers. Anxious to get ahead of the crowd, we took to a running pace past the rows of cafes, bars and shops, hoping to avoid the usual morning queue for Passport Control. I should have remembered the old saying ‘more haste, less speed’ because my next journey was to the First Aid room! I had apparently slipped on some spilt coffee that had not been cleaned up in the haste of the morning, and had fallen awkwardly, straining my ankle and breaking my duty-free brandy. ‘At least they would clean the floor after that,’ I thought, sadly. Suitably patched up, I hobbled with my colleagues and joined the long queue for Passport Control, and eventually through to Baggage Reclaim. Even with the excellent new baggage-handling systems in Brussels, the passengers usually get there first, but the accident had changed all that! Scanning the video screens, we found no reference to our flight arrival; the remaining bags from our flight had apparently already been removed from the carousel and were stored in an adjacent office. After a simple signing ceremony, we were reunited with our belongings, and hastened (slowly in my case) to the taxi rank. Our hopes of a quick ride to the city were dispelled when we saw the long queue in the icy wind, so we made our way to the station below, where a dedicated ‘City Express’ train departs every 20 minutes for the Gare de Nord and Gare Centrale. We just missed one! After a busy and successful day at our Brussels office, a taxi was called, and we were back at the airport in the thick of the evening rush hour. The departures check-in area is the upper floor of a vast new terminal extension, and is very orderly and well equipped. Facing you on entry from the taxi drop-off point is a huge electronic display which lists all departures scheduled for the next few hours and showing the appropriate check-in desk number for each flight. The speed of the check-in systems has been improved dramatically, so there was no queue at our desk, and the three of us were issued with boarding passes in only a couple of minutes. Our baggage sped away on conveyors down to the new sorting hall two storeys below. Brochures explain that the new terminal extension was designed to make it possible to go from check-in to final boarding in only 20 minutes, which has involved investment in a state-of-the-art automated baggage-handling system. On my last visit, following traffic delays on the way to the airport, I found that this system works, but I doubt that it would if everyone arrived only 20 minutes before departure! It is no wonder that they advise checking in one hour before; it also gives passengers much more time to spend money in the duty-free shops, restaurants and bars! By this time, my injured leg had swollen up and was throbbing painfully. This seemed to be a routine situation for the check-in staff, who arranged for a wheelchair and attendant to take me through Border Control and security checks. While my colleagues travelled down to the departures hall by escalator, I took the slower route by lift, meeting just outside the duty-free shops where the attendant left them to take care of me. We had some time to spare, so we replenished the brandy, bought some Belgian chocolates and headed for a cafe-bar. While Brussels is renowned for its excellent cuisine, we didn’t expect to find high standards of food in the quick-service environment of an airport, but we were wrong! The delicious aromas of freshly prepared food attracted our custom, and we weren’t disappointed. After a welcome glass of speciality raspberry-flavoured beer to round off the meal, we headed for the airline’s executive lounge. The view across the airfield was not promising! After a bright, crisp day, more snow-laden clouds had arrived and a chill wind cut across the tarmac. De-icing crews were working on the parked aircraft and others were treating the runways, taking quick action between the aircraft movements. Concerned that we might be delayed and miss our connection at Oslo, we checked with the staff at the airline’s flight information desk. After some phoning, they confirmed that, although there could be some delays, Oslo had arranged to hold connecting flights, as many passengers originated from Brussels. Their professional and friendly advice made us feel much more at ease, and they even offered to allow us to send fax or phone messages to our destination. They couldn’t have been more helpful. Announcements of the minor delays were made over the speaker system, but it wasn’t long before we were directed to the departure lounge and were preparing to board. Outside, around the aircraft in the gloom, the baggage trucks were pulling away and the giant push-off tractor was being connected up to the nose-wheel. Ten minutes later, we were at the end of the runway, ready for take-off. ‘Today must have been a very busy one for everyone involved in keeping the airport open,’ I thought, ‘but perhaps every day has its own challenges in such a complex operation. ’

Muslim and Hindu Hatred: Gandhi’s and Muhammads Views

Question 2 For hundreds of years there was religious fanaticism in the Hindu and Muslim religions leading up to extreme enmity between both. In India Hindus were the majority while Muslims were the minority therefore Muslims feared that a rule by Hindus would destroy what was more precious to them. This anger towards each other created two separate political groups, the Indian National Congress whose leader was Mohandas Gandhi, and the Muslim League whose leader was Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Although they were from opposing sides they both agreed that cooperation between both religions was necessary for India’s independence.In the section The â€Å"Condition of India† from his pamphlet Indian Home Rule Gandhi expresses his feeling and beliefs towards Muslims, he felt that Hindus and Muslims were the same that both have the same blood running through their veins, and together could form one nation. On the other hand in his Speech to the Muslim League Muhammad makes it clear t hat although he wished for there to be cooperation among both religions he knew that Muslims had to separate from Hindus and become their own nation before things would end in their destruction. Both leaders had similar but also differing views in regards to the anger between Muslims and Hindus.Gandhi was an outstanding figure in India who advocated non-violence when India was seeking its independence from British rule. As India’s independence was approaching Gandhi was struggling to maintain the cooperation between Hindu’s and Muslims. He believed that there could be a fusion of Hindu, Muslim, and Christian in India. In 1908 he wrote a pamphlet known as Indian Home Rule that contains many of his ideas and principles that guided him throughout his career. In the section The condition of India he refers to the concerns of a reader regarding the conflicts between the Hindus and Muslims.In the section the reader is concerned that the introduction of Islam has unmade the n ation. Gandhi responds by stating that â€Å"India cannot cease to be one nation because people belonging to different nations live in it† (Gandhi 214). He believed that the different religions can all merge into one nation. Hindu’s must be dreaming if they believe that only Hindu’s should live in India. According the Gandhi all of the different religions in India must live in unity for their own interest. Another concern that the reader has is in regards to the inborn enmity between the Hindus and Muslims.Gandhi replies by stating that the inborn enmity was a phrase created by their mutual enemy, the British. He also reminds the reader that long before the British occupation Hindu’s and Muslims both recognized that their mutual fighting was a suicidal act and realized that neither was going to abandon its religion with violence, and therefore decided to live in peace. This at least only lasted until the British colonized. Gandhi was not a man of hatred, and although Muslims have different religious beliefs he believed that they both come from the same ancestors and the same blood runs through their veins (Gandhi 215).Muhammad Ali believed that the differences between Hindus and Muslims such as religion and law and culture were not mere superstitions. According to him two divergent nationalities can’t be expected to become one nation by means of the British parliamentary statute. If the unitary government of India failed to accomplish this task then the central federal government would fail as well. In his Speech to the Muslim League Muhammad Ali expresses his support for the establishment of separate homelands. He wanted the division of India into â€Å"autonomous national states† (Jinnah 217).He had little hope for the evolvement of a common nationality between both religions. This was because he believed that Hindus failed to understand the true nature of both religions, and that both were â€Å"distinct social ord ers†. According to Muhammad, â€Å"The Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs, and literatures†, therefore the impression that India could become one nation had to end for it could lead to its destruction (Jinnah 217). Their destruction would also be in part to an increasing dissatisfaction since Muslims were the minority and Hindus the majority.Muslims feared that if both religions were to be brought together under a democratic system they would become ruled by Hindus. Rule by the majority would mean â€Å"the complete destruction of what is most precious in Islam† (Jinnah 217). This fear is the reason Muslims wanted to become their own nation to have their own territory, and their own state. This was exactly what Muhammad was advocating in his speech. India had been a British colony since the 1760’s that provided cotton, labor, and was also a market for British goods.There had always been afflicting poverty in I ndia however in the late 19th century there was growth of Indian intellectuals, education, nationalism, its economy, and communications. This growth lead to the formation of the Indian middles class as well as the growth of political organizations (Lecture). There was the Indian National Congress where its members proposed economic reforms and self-rule. Although the congress represented Muslims as well it was predominantly Hindu and because Muslims feared Hindu majority they began to withdraw from the Congress.This resulted in the Muslim League where self-rule and democratic reforms were advocated. The hatred between Hindus and Muslims was one of India’s biggest problems. Each side had religious fanaticism that if populations were to mix there was violence between both sides. This feud created the two separate parties where the Congress party was led by Gandhi and the Muslim League was led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah (Lecture). Muhammad Ali joined the National Congress in 1906 an d then the Muslim League in 1913.Because he was a member of both organizations he served as an intermediary between both, however he abandoned the Congress because he opposed Gandhi’s campaign of civil disobedience and because they refused to support equal voting rights for the Muslim minority. Spite of that Muhammad continued to work for cooperation between both religions for one cause, India’s independence. Although he worked hard to mitigate the disagreements between Hindus and Muslims the violence between both groups convinced him that it was impossible to fix such a feud, and Muslims would have no future in an independent India.Gandhi on the other hand was a Hindu and so therefore was part of the majority and was leader of the Congress. His main goal was to gain independence for India. But although he was Hindu he was a good person who had no hatred towards Muslims and truly believed in the possibility that both Hindus and Muslims could come together and merge int o one nation. Being that both of these leaders are from opposing sides, and although there might have similar beliefs they each had different views in regards to the violence and hatred between Muslims and Hindus. These differing views can be seen in both Gandhi’s pamphlet and Muhammad’s speech.At first both agreed with cooperation for the forward movement of independence, however both knew that it would be a difficult task. Gandhi’s pamphlet demonstrates that even with all the demonstrations of violence he never lost hope and always believed that both religions would someday come together as one. Muhammad’s speech on the other hand shows that unlike Gandhi he lost hope and realized it was impossible; Hindus and Muslims would never merge into one. Neither of them had hatred towards each other’s religion, both truly wanted for the cooperation and the end of the communal feuds but neither could break such a strong animosity.The enmity between Muslims and Hindus was so strong that neither Muhammad nor Gandhi was able to get both sides to cooperate and get along with one another. Their pamphlet and speech both demonstrate their views and reactions towards the failed attempt for harmony between both sides. Both demonstrate their differing views, Gandhi thought it was possible to reach a consensus and merge into one nation, while Muhammad seemed more realistic and realized it was a lost cause for the Hindus and Muslims.

Snowdrops – Creative Writing

When would Reece be back? I sat on my bed and daydreamed, all the good times we had had together flashing through my mind, filling me up with the sensation I was flying. I came back to earth with a thud. Glancing at the clock only made me feel worse – half past eleven. Reece was usually home by ten. Sighing, still worried, I lay my head down on my pillow, just to rest my eyes for a few minutes†¦ And awoke with a jolt, to the rhythmic thudding of a heavy hand on the front door. For a split second, I held the thought that it could be Reece, complete with a totally reasonable, acceptable excuse, and he would hold me and everything would be alright again. That image vanished, when I realised Reece never knocked like that. Frozen with panic, I sat upright. The knocking continued. A sudden burst of courage took me totally unawares. Hurriedly, I pulled on my red dressing gown. Dashing down the stairs, I grabbed the keys to the door. Slowly, I advanced. With feline agility, I tip-toed to the door. With a shaky hand, I put the key in the key-hole. Deftly I turned the knob. Willing my suspicions to be erroneous, I peeped through the crack I had created between the door and the doorframe. There, silhouetted against the eerie moon, stood a great figure, portentously broad and equally tall, the mere look of whom would worry all but the bravest. I slumped with relief. ‘Hello Gwen.' I said, letting out the deep breath I didn't know I was holding. Gwen was the village policeman, a gentle giant to all who knew him, but certainly one of the most intimidating men to meet in the street. This was down mainly to his incredible width, which prevented anyone walking either side of him on a pavement. Talking to Gwen was like conversing with a ship, he was big, slow, and found it notoriously hard to change direction in a subject. But why was he here? ‘Hello, Sarah,' he said, not a hint of happiness in his voice. ‘What's wrong? Why are you here?' Gwen's face creased up. He was almost in tears. I had never seen him like this before, and I wasn't sure how to react. ‘What's wrong, Gwen? Is someone hurt? Tell me, Gwen!' By now, tears were rolling down Gwen's cheeks. I had no idea what was going on: I was totally confused. ‘There's been an accident, Sarah,' Reece whispered, his voice hoarse. ‘Reece, he, he's had an accident. He was speeding, he hit a lorry, he†¦' ‘He what? What happened? Is he okay?' I screeched, frantic to know the answer. Gwen gulped. ‘He passed away at half past ten. He was speeding on his motorcycle, he hit the back of a lorry. I – I'm sorry.' I froze. He was speeding. Speeding to see me. ‘What?' I whispered, ‘No surely, there's a mistake. Reece can't be dead, it's just – no, no, this isn't right, it must be, I, I†¦' I stopped. I felt my body numb, as the realisation took hold of me. He was gone, and I couldn't bring him back. The emptiness was overwhelming, like a dark pit had opened inside of me that sucked all my thoughts, memories, emotions into it, leaving me drained. Then it spat it all back out again, and the fullness was overwhelming. Anger, fear, grief, hate, it all spilled out with the tears that gushed from my eyes. I slumped into Gwen's arms, as he took me through my house, the house that had seemed so warm and full of life only moments before, now cold, dark and foreboding. Down on my settee he sat me, all the time whispering . I needed to be alone. I told Gwen so, rudely, but being polite was the last thing on my mind. He left, and I wept. Alone I sat out the night, unable to face sleeping alone. I was lost, I didn't know what to do or where to go. I knew I had to work tomorrow, there were hardly enough teachers at the school as it was, but I couldn't comprehend facing a single sensible adult, never mind a classroom full of children who scarcely knew the meaning of sad. By the time the early rays of spring sun hit my windowpane, I had made up my mind. I had a responsibility to the children, and I knew it was what Reece would have wanted. I had to teach the children. At six o'clock, as per usual, I arose and got dressed from head to toe in black. The colour of death, but also a symbol of authority. There was no sleepiness in my morning schedule, yet I was not fully awake. I got ready lifelessly, listlessly. Breakfast was missed – I fasted on – and set off early to avoid the mixed looks from the locals dotted around the village. It didn't work. As I walked through the centre of the village, I could feel the eyes upon my, burning through the headscarf I hid underneath. Quickly and determinedly, I headed up the small dirt track that lead to the school. The emptiness was still there, lurking threateningly at the back of my mind. Consciously pushing it even further back, I braced myself for the day ahead. Needless to say, that day wasn't my proudest as a teacher. As I walked into the classroom half an hour later than normal, the staring eyes of the naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve children almost reduced me to tears a second time. A sympathetic look from the young blonde teacher did nothing to console me, but I stayed strong – for Reece, and for the children. Taking a deep breath, putting on the nicest, sweetest voice I could muster, I addressed the children. ‘Hello, boys and girls.' ‘Hello Miss Webster,' they reply, chirpy as always. A lump welled in my throat, I began to sway again, so I grabbed the desk for support and took another deep breath. ‘Now, today boys and girls, we'll be drawing pictures of our favourite things for outside. Does everyone have something they like best?' Every head nodded. ‘Good. Peter, please give everyone a pencil. Glenys, can you give everyone a piece of paper please. Thank you.' As the two young kids set of to perform their duties, swollen with pride at being chose by the teacher to do a job. I sat on the edge on my old chair at the front of the classroom. The room was silent, save for the scribbling of pencils on paper and occasional unintelligible murmur from a child, hard at work. My mind drifted, back to Reece. His face drifted to the forefront of my mind, his features already beginning to haze as I used only my memory to imagine him. Just as I got his face into full focus, the emptiness that had been lying in wait at the rear of my mind crept forward, looming behind the smiling face. I tried to push it back, but there was nothing to push. His face melted away, the blankness washed over him like the sea rushing over drawings in the sand. It hit me a second time: I was alone. I jolted out of my seat, startled back into reality. I saw the upset look on the face of the little boy, QQQQQ who had come to show me the picture he had drawn. A robin. Fitting, I thought. Robins didn't migrate to the warmth with the other birds when winter came: Robins faced the harsh, bleak, cold winter alone. I felt I must do the same. I knelt down, plucked the picture from his hand and pinned it on the wall. I looked over at the old clock hung high on the wall, and saw it was break time. I excused the children as pleasantly as I could muster, and followed them out to the school playground. I stood for twenty minutes under the cold spring sun, and called for the children to come back in. Watching over them as they re-entered the school, one of the other teachers, Mrs Jones, a busybody by all means, in her late fifties, scurried towards me. ‘How're you coping, dearie?' she enquired, her caring tone easy to see through. I could do no more than nod. ‘Well the funeral's today, at half-past midday. Men only, of course, but they should pass right by on old Luther way.' The funeral. It had completely passed me by, and I felt ashamed for it. Traditional Welsh funeral of course, no female attendees, but perhaps if I could find a reasonable excuse†¦ The snowdrops. Of course, I had promised the children that I would show them the beautiful spring flowers. If I timed it right, the procession would pass right by. ‘Thank you, Mrs Jones,' I replied with a nod, as I entered the classroom. It was quarter to twelve. Half an hour. I pulled out the big story book from the bookshelf, and called around all the children as I sat down with it. Normally, I would put my heart and soul into reading aloud to the children, but today they were completely preoccupied, so my voice was flat and monotonous. The children were disappointed, but I had too much on my mind to attempt to remedy their disillusionment. I glanced up at the clock every five minutes, as the big hand turned slowly around on the wall. My whole body was tense, my throat was dry, my voice rasping. At twelve fifteen, I slammed the book shut, stood up, and led the children briskly through the chill outside air, hand in hand, to the bottom of the school grounds, where the snowdrops grew. As I watched their amazed faces stare in astonishment at the little white specks of purity, I could not help but long to be a child again, youthful and kept away from the harsh realties of life. Then I heard the bittersweet funeral chant, deep, dark and hauntingly beautiful, and my hands clutched at the little white gate leading to the road. My eyes blurred over and I cried, cried for all the good times and the bad times, wept in longing and loneliness, knowing I was destined to live my life incomplete.

AMERICAN HISTORY SINCE 1900 Assignment Two Essay

AMERICAN HISTORY SINCE 1900 Assignment Two - Essay Example The argument that social benefits would result from unrestrained enterprise sounds very sincere when one reads Hoover’s writing. He actually adopts a moderate position at some points, recognizing that abuses of power do occur in the business world. He acknowledges that exploitation is possible; therefore he renounces a laissez faire attitude towards the regulation of business (Hawley, 218). The problem arises, says Hoover, when government exerts too much control over business. That is when abuses occur, only this time it is the government in the role of abuser. Finding the balance seems to be his message, but he undeniably states that the vast majority of business should be unregulated or else individual freedom would be lost. These documents reveal that Hoover really views business as a noble benefactor to all who participate. He seems to assume that businesses will pay a fair wage because it is the right thing to do. He also seems to assume that discrimination of any type do es not exist. Discrimination of sex, religion or ethnicity really hinders the freedom of some groups in America. He ignores the fact that business does nothing to address discrimination and the resulting loss of freedom for the individuals affected. Work Cited Hawley, Ellis W. Herbert Hoover as Secretary of Commerce: Studies in New Era Thought and Practice. Des Moines: University of Iowa, 1981. Print. Americans responded positively to the new business spokesmen because their priorities had shifted and they were looking for a new way to address the ills of society. Americans have always felt that their nation was unique among other nations. Some have expressed the idea that America was a sort of Promised Land because of the ideals that are expressed in the Constitution. Others point the freedoms in the Bill of Rights while some point to the abundant natural resources of America as evidence for the nation’s success. That said, most Americans recognize that there are still abidi ng difficulties in our society. Discrimination, poverty and homelessness are problems that were present in the 1920’s, and they still exist today. Americans were so receptive to the idea that business could solve all of societies ills because they recognized some in America were treated unfairly and that there was inequality. Business was so attractive partly because many of the other social institutions had failed to remedy the problem. It is apparent that the writing of the pro-business supporters exposes some assumptions Americans make about their society based on past experiences. Specifically, it shows that Americans have long looked to religion and education to help cure some of the ills in society. Edward Purington was such a supporter of business that he said there was more Christianity in a square inch of the office equipment of leading industrialists that there was in an entire Sunday congregation (Lorence, 188). For Americans to buy into this sort of rhetoric, they must have had bad prior experiences with religion and education. Work Cited Lorence, James. Enduring Voices: From 1865. Washington D.C.: Heath, 1993. Print. The 1920’s were a time of great social change. Many different groups were trying to advocate for their place in society. Division along ethnic lines was especially fierce during this decade. Mexican and Japanese immigrants were routinely denied citizenship and discriminated against in the courts. The rise of the KKK happened during this decade as well

CE7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CE7 - Essay Example hin this context of my work throughout this course the metanarrative semiotic structure examines the generative moments, including subordinate and coordinate sentences and paragraphs for my work. Considering the nature of my written work I notice a number of notable features. I’ve come to recognize that while I may have not outwardly intentioned it, my writing has tended towards a degree of balance. In these regards, my writing has naturally varied between long and short sentences seemingly as a means of greater communicative effectiveness. Such an understanding has made me recognize the nature of effective writing as not simply contained in the mastery of articulation within the specific sentence, but also the way that the writer balances varies forms of sentences as a means of communicating a comprehensive perspective. Another element of my writing I have recognized is that to a large degree within the individual paragraphs the structural aspects are directly correlated to the subject matter. While my body paragraphs contain topic sentences the actual structure therein is largely contingent on the theme of the topic. For instance, in examining ‘Arts of the Contact Zone’ I recognized that a lengthy analysis with citation was necessary as the expansive nature of the topic demanded further exploration. Conversely, the means of considering auto ethnography in my work necessitated a more direct and pithy approach. As such the nature of subject and medium considered from a self-reflexive way, are highly prominent in the nature of my work. Still, another important aspect of my work is the nature of development. One of the most pervasive elements is how my work, despite my remaining unconscious of this process, begins from a broad and overarching context and then moves to more specific elements, before finally concluding. This structure is both indicative of the entire essay as it begins with the overarching introduction and moves towards the conclusion, but

User Interfaces for Environmental Decision Support Systems Article

User Interfaces for Environmental Decision Support Systems - Article Example Cleaning products were distinguished using eight environmental and health associated scheme features. These features are as follows. I.  Skin Irritation: availability of chemicals in the cleaning of manufactured goods that creates the basis of swelling of skin or redness. Quality values vary from the most significant to the least preferable ones which entail insignificant, minor, reasonable, or physically powerful implications.II.  Food chain exposure (FCE): the ingredients employed in cleaning manufactured goods that have the possibility of being brought in to the food chain through being eaten up with smaller aquatic vegetation and animals that are eaten by larger animals. Bio concentration factor (BCF) is the measurement factor that is computed to acquire food chain (Maciag, Hepting, and Slezak 36). III.  Air Pollution Potential (air): manufactured goods that may have volatile organic compounds (VOC) meaning that compounds that have possibility to shape impressive pollutants like smog. These pollutants are extremely disastrous to human life. IV.  Product Contains Fragrances (frag): the fragrances that are included in the cleaning of manufactured goods to improve, or mask, their ‘natural’ odor. V.  Product Contains Dye (dye): is the dye that has been included to the cleaning of manufactured goods to modify the color of the product. VI.  Product uses Recyclable Packaging (rec): it is the cleaning of manufactured goods that are wrapped up using recyclable packages (Maciag, Hepting, and Slezak 41).... II. Food chain exposure (FCE): the ingredients employed in cleaning manufactured goods that have the possibility of being brought in to the food chain through being eaten up with smaller aquatic vegetation and animals that are eaten by larger animals. Bio concentration factor (BCF) is the measurement factor that is computed to acquire food chain (Maciag, Hepting, and Slezak 36). III. Air Pollution Potential (air): manufactured goods that may have volatile organic compounds (VOC) meaning that compounds that have possibility to shape impressive pollutants like smog. These pollutants are extremely disastrous to human life. IV. Product Contains Fragrances (frag): the fragrances that are included in the cleaning of manufactured goods to improve, or mask, their ‘natural’ odor. V. Product Contains Dye (dye): is the dye that has been included to the cleaning of manufactured goods to modify the color of the product. VI. Product uses Recyclable Packaging (rec): it is the cleaning of manufactured goods that are wrapped up using recyclable packages (Maciag, Hepting, and Slezak 41). VII. Product is a Concentrate (con): it is the cleaning of manufactured goods that are wrapped up using minimized packaging, like packing cleaned manufactured goods in a recyclable plastic bag, which operates like a refiller for use in its original wrap up. VIII. Product Reduces Exposure to Concentrate (exp): the refining of products that minimizes exposure to concentrated wrap up. Students from the University of Regina were employed to conduct various tasks, among them being to accomplish the pre-task and post-task questionnaires. In the post task questionnaires, participants had to rank the features of the system using four point scaling (insignificant, somewhat

Individual Reflective Journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Individual Reflective Journal - Assignment Example If such methods of learning are implemented by students of marketing, they can research various organizations that are currently operating and they way these organizations devise their marketing programs and how these marketing programs have assisted them in surviving competition and meeting the needs and wants of the customers in an effective manner. Dissertations can help students identify how organizations make their marketing decisions and marketing strategies and can verify the effectiveness of the strategies that are being taught to them during their marketing courses. For example: students are taught that successful marketing strategies are those in which first research about consumer demand is conducted and then the product is made to fit to the demands of the consumers. The students can research organizations that have implemented such strategies and differentiate them from those organizations that first produce the product and then conduct marketing campaigns. This differen tiation will allow students to differentiate between the two

Discussion 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Discussion 3 - Assignment Example I think one does not have to be a nutritionist to differentiate between starving and dieting. My uncle and I are very close, more like friends. He has done doctorate in comparative religions. Once, I fell ill. He came to see me. He said, â€Å"I am a doctor, doctors can cure illness in patients, so I can cure your illness.† I took it as a joke because it was meant to be one. It was a poor argument as it was not deductively valid. While it was true that he is a doctor, and that doctors can cure illness in patients, the conclusion that he could cure my illness was false as he was a doctor of comparative religions, not a medical doctor. My mother often says that every person has equal mind and intelligence and thus can score the highest in academics, but I find disagree with her saying that different people have different IQ levels. When I say so, she becomes emotional and says, â€Å"None of my children has a lower IQ level than any other. I know my children. They are all very brainy. Period.† I find this argument very poor as my brother is very weak in studies whereas my academic performance is much better than his. By saying that all her children are very brainy, my mother tries to make emotional appeal. Once I was on a weight-loss plan. I was following a particular diet pattern, which was based on balanced meals. I was taking both vegetables and meat with certain limits on both. My brother told me to leave consuming meat altogether and instead drink more of fresh juices. I disagreed because fresh juices contain a lot of natural sugars and drinking too much of them is not recommendable in a weight-loss plan, but my brother said, â€Å"Go ask anybody. He would recommend you to drink fresh juices to lose weight.† I know there is a lot of misconception about the effects of fresh juice consumption on weight. I find this argument poor as it is an example of ad populum. Drinking a lot of water is recommended

Convince a client to visit a particular travel destination Essay

Convince a client to visit a particular travel destination - Essay Example ng from the travel and stay of non-residents, in so far as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not connected to any earning activity† (Cruz, 2006). Few of the major factors that can help in deciding the travel location are the purpose of the visit and the cash available to finance the visit. There are many different places within the world that can provide greatest entertainment along with perfect leisure time but the best place that provides both along with the greatest value of money is Dubai. It is also considered to be a business hub; hence many people also consider it to be a business spot. Dubai has expanded at a rapid rate over the last decade or so. The city has gained significant importance since the last decade. This is because of the increased developmental projects within the city. The city has expanded and blossomed quickly and it has recently caught the eye of a large chunk of tourists from around the globe. The city is not big and hence it can be really good for a short visit as a tourist would be able to witness the entire city within a very short span of time. The city offers a mix of different tour spots. From the sand dunes and the desert to the lively beaches, the city offers a mix two different experiences. The city is well renowned for the â€Å"Burj Khalifa†, the tallest building in the world. The skyscraper offers an imminent view of the entire city from the 124th floor. It is considered to be the 2nd highest viewing spot within the world. The viewing spot is also equipped with a telescope which helps the visitors in viewing live locations. Although the observation deck is closed for public, but there are strong rumors that it would be re-opened by the 14th of Feb, 2012. The city is also known for its Desert Safari. Tourists have to book the Safari tour and they are picked up from their respective hotels in the morning. Then the tourists are given a sensational ride through the deserts in the outskirts of the city, these

Critical Thinking on Global Warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Critical Thinking on Global Warming - Essay Example It is therefore global warming is alarming for the planet ("Global Warming"). Studies reveal that the temperature of the Earth has increased by 1Â °F ever since 1900 and it is increasing at much rapid pace since 1970. This augmentation in the temperature of the planet is called Global Warming. Normal greenhouse gases allow only sunlight and impede other hazardous radiations from reaching the Earth’s surface. An increase in temperature is due to emancipation of various gases called as green house gases encompassing smokestacks, vehicles, fossil fuels, appending to the standard Earth’s greenhouse effect. Researchers have estimated that if this rise in temperature will continue it is going to have devastating impact on climate patterns resulting in drifts, melting of glaciers and elevation in the sea level ("Climate changes"). Recent studies show that tundra is in threat along with Greenland where 32 glacial earthquakes occurred at Richter scale of 4.6 to 5.1, a mark of d estabilization of the planet. Recently, Indonesia faced earthquake of Richter scale 8.4. Catastrophes are on rise, red dust was witnessed by people of Australia and USA, hurricane Katrina is an example! Human race is witnessing a global emergency and climate emergency making global warming an International issue of concern ("Global Warming Is An International Issue"). Such reports from scientist keep on pondering human beings but still no concrete measure could be formulated to prevent global warming. An analysis is required to understand the ignorance towards the environment. With the advent of industrialization and to meet the escalating demands of growing population, more industries are being set up for the production of finished goods and job opportunities. For all these set ups and for residential requirements; forests are constantly depreciating. Deforestation is on the rise to create space for these set ups. Plants are depreciating and therefore lesser number of plants are av ailable to take up carbon-di-oxide, again contributing to Global Warming. Approval for construction is obtained through the politicians. In the name of development and progress, politicians are endorsing majority of the developmental projects without giving a thought and concern about the environmental hazard inhabitants are going to witness due to the construction process. In most of the developing nations there is no control over the escalating population as politicians are concerned about their 'votes'. Had they been concerned, the population of the world would not have escalated. Politicians are the ruling bodies of any nation, and it is highly imperative that they must be aware about the happenings going around and should be judgmental in their thoughts and actions to formulate the policies that can promote growth and development in an environmental friendly manner. The present article deals with the political concern about the global warming and what leaders have to say, how c oncern and aware they are about this serious issue. International Concern for Global Warming The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is one of the foremost international organizations working for the evaluation of climatic change. It is developed by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) to offer the world with a clear scientific view about the state of the

Film Reaction EthicsWag the Dog Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Film Reaction EthicsWag the Dog - Movie Review Example Doublespeak is a term that is intentionally used to disguise or distort the actual meaning of words. It makes a situation more pleasant. In the movie "Wag the Dog," Conrad, playing â€Å"Mr. Fix it,† employs the technique of doublespeak to take off the gross appearance of the president’s sex scandal. He diverts the attention of the public to other false war stories, making the situation seem less serious. In the movie, Motss emerges in the media and public belief that the war story is true, while also believing the idea of sex scandal to be true. However, the false war tales overshadow the true sex scandal of the president until he gets re-elected. When Motss tries to let the cat out of the bag, he is killed to keep the truth secrete. The movie is a clear show of how propaganda forms the normal recipe of the political discourse, where politicians use the power to get everything they

Discounted Cash Flow Techniques Essay Example for Free

Discounted Cash Flow Techniques Essay A brief tutorial on Excel financial functions (problems to follow) You may find the following Excel, built-in financial functions helpful when analyzing the problems below. (To access these functions, select Insert, Functions, and choose Financial.) =PV(rate, nper, pmt, fv, type) returns the present value of a series of cash flows. =FV(rate, nper, pmt, pv, type) returns the future value of a series of cash flows. =PMT(rate, nper, pv, fv, type) calculates the periodic payment for a loan based on constant payments and a constant interest rate. =NPER(rate, pmt, pv, fv, type) returns the number of periods for an investment based on periodic, constant payments and a constant interest rate. =NPV(rate, range) returns the net present value of an investment based on a discount rate and a series of future payments (negative values) and income (positive values). (Warning: By convention, NPV calculates the net present value one period before the first cash flow.) =IRR(range, guess) returns the internal rate of return for a series of cash flows. In these functions, rate = the discount, or interest rate. nper = number of periods. pmt = annual uniform payment. fv = future value, or future cash flow. type is a logical value allowing you to specify if cash flows occur at the end or the beginning of the period. A value of 1 indicates beginning of period, 0 or omitted indicates end of period. pv = present value. range = the cells on your spreadsheet containing the cash flows you want to analyze. For example, if the cash flows are in the first 10 rows of column A, the entry for range would be a1:a10. guess = your guess as to the internal rate of return. This helps the computer get started and may be left blank. An example Suppose you want to know the present value of $100 per year for 19 years and $500 at the end of the 19th year when the interest rate is 13 percent. Select a spreadsheet cell and enter =PV(0.13,19,100,500). Excel will return ($742.83). This is the amount one should be willing to pay today to receive the indicated stream of cash flows when the interest rate is 13 percent. Problems 1) An investment costing $50,000 promises an after tax cash flow of $18,000 per year for 6 years. a. Find the investments accounting rate of return and its payback period. b. Find the investments net present value at a 15 percent discount rate. c. Find the investments profitability index at a 15 percent discount rate. d. Find the investments internal rate of return. e. Assuming the required rate of return on the investment is 15 percent, which of the above figures of merit indicate the investment is attractive? Which indicate it is unattractive? 2) A $1,000 par value, 10 percent coupon bond matures in 20 years. If the price of the bond is $1,196.80, what is the yield to maturity on the bond? Assume interest is paid annually. 3) Ten years ago you invested $1,000 for 10 shares of Trublock common stock. You sold the shares recently for $2,000. While you owned the stock it paid $10.08 per share annual dividends. What was your rate of return on Trublock stock? 4) Having heard of your knowledge of present value techniques, you have been asked to testify as an expert witness in the following lawsuit. Several homeowners in a nearby community have organized to protest against alleged gouging on the part of a local lending institution. One resident presents his payment book as evidence. The resident has a 30-year, fixed rate loan at 6 percent interest for $200,000. He got the loan 10 years ago and has been making equal annual payments of $14,529.60 ever since. He observes that he has paid the lending company $145,296.00 yet his payment book indicates that the principal due on the loan has only declined by $33,345.40. He presents this as obvious proof of gouging on the part of the money changers. Do you agree? Why, why not? 5) In 1984, the city council of the town of Patterson agreed that their community badly in need of a modern hotel that would cost approximately $25 million. To finance construction members of the council organized the Patterson Hotel Corporation. Through strenuous promotion they raised $15 million by selling 15,000 shares of stock at $1,000 per share. They secured the other $10 million necessary to build the hotel as a loan provided by a local bank on a 10 year, 14 percent mortgage that called for uniform annual payments sufficient to pay interest and to extinguish the debt at the end of 10 years. Upon completion, the Patterson Hotel Corporation leased the hotel to a national company that operated a chain of hotels. The lease ran for 30 years and contained a clause permitting the lessee to purchase the hotel for $10 million at the end of the 30-year period. The lessee agreed to furnish the hotel and pay all taxes (including income taxes) and operating expenses, and was to meet the interest and repayment obligations on the mortgage during the first 10 years of the lease. During the last 20 years of the lease, the operating company agreed to make payments sufficient to permit annual dividends of $400 per share. No payments at all were to be made to the stockholders during the first 10 years. This was the most favorable operating contract that Patterson Hotel Company was able to negotiate. When stockholders, many of whom had bought stock under considerable pressure, learned that there was no prospect of dividends for 10 years, they were quite upset, and a number of them were anxious to sell their stock. Conrad Billings, a local businessmen in the original group that promoted the hotel, was reported to be buying stock from some of these disgruntled stockholders at $750 a share. Some locals were heard to comment that Conrad Billings was a clever old bastard who was taking advantage of his public-spirited neighbors. There were remarks regarding the fat dividends he would be receiving after the mortgage was paid off. One man was said to have declined Billings’ offer of $750 a share and to have commented publicly that nobody was going to get his stock unless they paid what it was worth. Make whatever assumptions and calculations you find necessary to estimate the fair value of the stock. Was $750 a share really too low a price? 6) You need four new tires for your car. You can buy cheap retread tires for $25 a piece and replace them every 20,000 miles or you can spend $40 per tire and replace them every 40,000 miles. If money has an opportunity cost of 10 percent to you, how many miles must you drive annually to warrant the more expensive tires?

Responses to Cancer: Behavioural, Emotional and Physical

Responses to Cancer: Behavioural, Emotional and Physical Behavioural, Emotional, Physical and Cognitive Responses Cancer is a deadly disease cause by uncontrolled division of abnormal cells and as a group, accounts for more than 14% of all deaths each year (Ahmedin, et al., 2008) and once, the individual finds out about his diagnosis with this deadly disease, the individual is likely to experience severe emotional, cognitive, physical and behavioural response since, everyone knows that untreated and even treated cancer in some cases tend to be life threatening. The severity of these responses varies individually and is dependent on several factors such as whether the event was surprisingly recognized or whether earlier complaints were present, plays a major role (Verwoerdt, 1973). Furthermore, it depends on personal experience with the disease, for example, if previous generations of the family had been diagnosed with cancer (Verwoerdt, 1973). Behaviour is one of many responses which plays a huge role throughout the individual’s diagnosis and is most probable to change thoroughly. These Behavioural responses generally result from the genetic makeup, past experience and the Individual’s perception of the current situation (Snyder, 2011). The individual is likely to experience several behavioural change with certain steps and are likely to prompt restlessness, stress, searching for several answers, anxiety or even disbelief. The first step during the behavioural response usually involve Pre-contemplative/unawareness stage (Miller Rollnick, 2002). In this stage the individual is not interested in his diagnosis nor does he plan to do anything about it. The individual is completely in state of denial, unmotivated and resistant regarding his diagnosis. The individual is also likely to defend his current behaviour if others such as his doctor or family member’s try to intervene. The second behavioural response stage involves contemplative phase where the individual starts to think about his life and his family which ultimately leads him to think about his diagnosis and treatment seriously (Miller Rollnick, 2002). Most individuals tend to accept their problem at this phase and eventually start to plan about their future strategies to improve his and family’s life. The third behavioural phase involves preparation where the individual tend to realise that a change is inevitable (Miller Rollnick, 2002). The individuals also incline to realise the severity and seriousness of his cancer and usually makes several decisions and commitments to change the outcome of his diagnosis. This stage usually tend to be a period of transition and therefore, tend to be quite short. In the fourth behavioural phase, the individual tries to implement several strategies to start a â€Å"new† life (Miller Rollnick, 2002). The individuals going through this phase also tend to be realistic and open minded in terms of receiving help and support. This step normally is the â€Å"willpower† stage for most individuals going through hardship and often tend to reward themselves to enhance motivation and self-confidence which often help them to deal with personal and external pressures. The fifth and last behavioural phase include maintenance where many individuals try to consolidate changes in their behaviour, to maintain the ‘new’ status quo and to prevent relapse or temptation (Miller Rollnick, 2002). The individual normally tend to see any previous behavioural change undesirable, unnecessary and customarily tries to implement new working strategies by the means of seeking help, usually a doctor. Whilst the individual’s behaviour is fluctuating, emotion is likely to build up the moment the individual finds out about his cancer. These emotions often trigger responses such as feelings of fear, anger, rage, sadness and dejection.Such mood swings are tend to be normal andmost individual incline to live through this cold baths of feelings for a long time until the individual finds his way for himself to accept the disease. In most individuals, the diagnosis of Cancer triggers shock as the first emotional response (Tsao, 2010) which usually last from hours to days. Many individuals feel alienated, frozen and cannot think clearly. In this stage the patient is unable to conduct basic necessities of his life, requires help and constantly shows his emotions. The second response of emotion involves denial where the individual attempts to shut out the authenticity and magnitude of his situation by developing a fabricated, desirable reality (Tsao, 2010). Once the individual accepts his fate with the diagnosis and overcomes the denial, the third phase of emotion includes wrath and anger. During this phase the individual constantly thinks about his diagnosis to be unfair and ask questions such â€Å"Why is it always me? Its not fair!; How can this transpire to me?† (Tsao, 2010). The next phase usually involve bargaining (Tsao, 2010) where many individuals try to negotiate with their fate by constantly making statements such as â€Å"Ill do anything to live for few more years† therefore creating a sense of hope. In this stage, the individuals also tend to isolate themselves from others and even prevent any human interactions. After the individual realises that his fate cannot be bargained depression starts to take place as a fifth emotional phase (Tsao, 2010). In this phase, the patient is dealing with his diagnosis and the intensive life of contradictory feelings which might lead the individual to the utmost limit of his mental capacity. The individual’s psychological immune system is also likely to be flooded with stimuli, which might often results in fatigue, hopelessness and resignation. Once, the depression is overwhelmed acceptance, is likely to take place as a last step of emotional response (Tsao, 2010). In this phase the individual usually accepts his fate and makes statement such as â€Å"I have cancer and I will live with it† as a motivation. Once the individual stabilises himself on this setting, he stands on a firm foundation for a self-determined life and inclines to makes new plans and to actively solve his problems. Cognitive is another major part the individual’s response once the diagnosis has been revealed. In this phase, several negative thoughts tend to arise whilst the individual is interacting such as communicating, reading, watching television, listening to radio etc. (Park, 2013). cognitive changes in patients suffering from cancer may possibly be caused by disease, cancer treatment, complications of the treatment, comorbid conditions, side effects of drugs, other physiological responses to diagnosis of cancer (Park, 2013). In this response, the individual rarely thinks positively and normally tends to thinks rationally and therefore several suicidal and self-harm thoughts tend to arise. This response takes place whilst emotional and behavioural response is developing and usually ends once the individual’s treatment has been completed. Several physical response such as hair/weight loss, inability to speak about the cancer without experiencing grief, overreacting to minor events, loss of appetite, fatigue etc. are likely to arise throughout the whole process of cancer and its treatment. These physical changes are likely to make the individual feel shameful, guilty, paranoia and even Intellectualization. These types of physical changes are usually seen once the emotional, behavioural and cognitive responses takes place (Moos Schaefer, 1984). In conclusion, the onset of any illness gives rise to a wide range of different responses such as emotional, cognitive, physical and behavioural which varies greatly from individual to individual, even in those with the same condition. However, from above information regarding various responses, it is clear that the above responses stated are likely to arise at various point of any illness. References Ahmedin, J. D., Siegel, R., Ward, E. D., Hao, Y. D., Xu, J. D., Murray, T., Thun, M. D. (2008). A Cancer Journal for Clinicals. Cancer Statistics, 72. doi:10.3322/CA.2007.0010 Miller, W. R., Rollnick, S. (2002). Motivational Interviewing: Preparing People for Change. Behavioural change. Moos, R., Schaefer, J. (1984). Coping with Physical Illness. Springer US. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-4772-9_1 Park, H.-J. (2013). Structural and Functional Brain Networks: From Connections to Cognition. Cognition responses, 342(6158), 1238411 -1238411. doi:10.1126/science.1238411 Snyder, J. (2011). Adult hippocampal neurogenesis buffers stress responses and depressive behaviour. Behaviour, 476(7361), 458-461. Tsao, C. (2010). Kubler-Ross. Stages of Grief, 34(1), 38. Verwoerdt, A. (1973). Psychopharmacology and Aging. Springer US. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-7770-2_16 Pneumonia: Causes and Treatments Pneumonia: Causes and Treatments Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung which can result from infection with particular bacteria, viruses or other organisms. It is characterised by lung parenchyma inflammation and the filling of the air-filled sacs of the lung (alveoli) with fluid resulting in a decrease in elasticity which leads to inefficient gas exchange. In excess of 5 million cases of infectious pneumonia are estimated to occur annually in the US resulting in more than 1 million hospitalizations. The onset of this condition is usually prompted following the weakening of an individuals immune system, such as by a viral upper respiratory tract infection or following an incidence of influenza. It is a condition of particular concern in those over sixty five years of age, those with chronic immune disorders or young infants, all of whom have a reduced ability to combat infections. Retrieved from [http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/pnu/pnu_all.html] Almost half of all pneumonia cases originate bacterially. Some incidences of pneumonia are acquired by the inhalation of small droplets containing the organism or bacteria and these germs enter the air when the infected individual sneezes or coughs. In other circumstances the condition precipitates when bacteria or viruses that are present in the nose or mouth under normal conditions enter the lungs. However, if a person is weakened by an existing condition, severe pneumonia can develop. Along with classification based on the symptoms experienced, pneumonia can be categorized based on where or how the disease is contracted and can usually be divided into several subgroups which comprise hospital acquired pneumonia, community acquired pneumonia and aspiration pneumonia. CAP can develop as a result of the attack unleashed by pathogenic microorganisms on the lung and the response of the immune system to the infection that ensues. S. pneumonia, H. influenza, C. pneumonia and M. pneumonia are the prevalent bacterial origins of the condition with S.pneumoniae presenting as the most frequent pathogen responsible following epidemiological studies (Luna et al., 2000). A relatively inoffensive form of pneumonia results that rarely involves hospitalization. In accordance with the guidelines developed by the American Thoracic Society for the management of CAP patients should be treated for the possibility of an atypical pathogen infection (Niederman et al., 2001). Organism-specific therapy may be possible in some patients depending on culture results. CAP is characterized by the presentation of a high fever, shaking chills and a cough with yellowish sputum which may be accompanied by chest pain. It can also cause shortness of breath which considerably impacts those with chronic lung conditions such as asthma and emphysema. Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) tends to be more severe than pneumonia acquired in the community mostly due to the fact that the organisms involved tend to be more aggressive and difficult to treat. Also, individuals in hospitals or care homes who contract this condition may often already have compromised immune systems and may not be able to fight off the infection. It remains the most frequent and severe nosocomial infection encountered in the ICU and the mortality incidence of patients with HAP is high (33% of unventilated patients) (Smith-Sims, 2001). The symptoms of HAP are usually the same as CAP in general. Early and suitable antibiotic therapy has been discovered to result in a decline in patient mortality rates in clinical studies due to this type of pneumonia. Patients diagnosed with nosocomial pneumonia are twice as likely to survive if in receipt of suitable antibiotic therapy, with the timing and adequacy of treatment being of crucial importance (Celis et al., 1988). D ue to the fact that the timing of antibiotic therapy with respect to suspicion of pneumonia is an imperative factor affecting mortality and that HAP diagnosis remains elusive, initial empiric therapy appears to be best practice (Fiel, 2001). An example of an additional type of pneumonia is aspiration pneumonia which is often described as the inhalation of foreign substances such as gastric matter into the lungs. This can lead toconditions such aspiration pneumonia and aspiration pneumonitis. Aspiration pneumonitis results from chemical injury due to the inhalation of sterile gastric materials whereas aspiration pneumonia is an infectious process resulting from inhalation of saliva which has been previously colonised by pathogenic bacteria (Marik, 2001). Factors that predispose an individual to aspiration pneumonia include a decreased level of consciousness, neurologic disorders, dysphagia and the aspiration of material in association with a tracheostomy (Finegold, 1991). Antimicrobial agents are the keystone of treatment and prolonged therapy is important in the prevention of relapse. Viral pneumonia on the other hand can be caused by the influenza virus along with herpes or varicella, including those responsible for the outbreak of the common cold (adenoviruses). The two types of influenza virus, A and B, are characterised by respiratory complaints in conjunction with headaches, fever and muscle aches. Contracting herpes or varicella pneumonia is usually rare unless infection with the varicella zoster virus (chicken pox) occurs. Adenovirus originating pneumonia is frequently accompanied by common cold symptoms such as a runny nose and conjunctivitis. Viral pneumonia symptoms include muscle aches, tiredness, low grade fever and the presence of a cough with very little mucus It is rarely serious and usually does not require admittance to hospital. Medicines such as analgesics (to relieve chest pain) and acetaminophen (to reduce fever) may be given to alleviate symptoms however this particular type of pneumonia is resistant to treatment with antibiotics unlike its b acterial counterpart. A vast range of diagnostic strategies are available to identify the presence of pneumonia in individuals. These include laboratory tests such as sputum examination, blood cultures or urinary antigen tests for the suspected bacterium involved. Chest X-rays are common diagnostic tools utilized and are helpful in the detection of complications of the condition also. The treatment for pneumonia can vary depending on the gravity of the symptoms and the category of pneumonia the patient has. Bacterial pneumonia requires the administration of an antibiotic, the choice of which is influenced by the age of the patient, chronic medical conditions they may have and the microorganism responsible for the infection. Macrolides are the most popular choice of antibiotic and are usually recommended in the treatment of CAP as they are effective against most microorganisms involved in this particular class of pneumonia. Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole may be administered if the patient has a history of COPD or smoking. These antibiotics are usually accompanied by anti-fever medications such as ibuprofen and occasionally a cough suppressant may be suggested. There are fewer options in the treatment of viral pneumonia however as very few antiviral agents are available on the market. Acyclovir is efficacious in children with lung infections involving herpes simplex, herpes zoster or varicella varieties (Feldman, 1994). Ganciclovir has been successfully demonstrated in immunocompromised patients with conditions such as AIDS or transplant patients with CMV (cytomegalovirus) pneumonia (Reed et al., 1988). The prognosis of pneumonia is quite good in patients without complications. To aid in the prevention of this condition, rigorous hygiene procedures should be followed in settings such as hospitals and nursing homes where there are individuals present with compromised immune systems. Also, smoking cessation should be encouraged in patients. Current research is underway to establish a more efficient treatment for this condition which will still eradicate the infectious microorganism and promote early defense but without the inflammatory tissue injury associated with sepsis (Cazzola et al., 2005). Bibliography CAZZOLA, M., MATERA, M. PEZZUTO, G. 2005. Inflammation-a new therapeutic target in pneumonia. Respiration, 72, 117-126. CELIS, R., TORRES, A., GATELL, J., ALMELA, M., RODRIGUEZ-ROISIN, R. AGUSTI-VIDAL, A. 1988. Nosocomial pneumonia. A multivariate analysis of risk and prognosis. Chest, 93, 318. FELDMAN, S. 1994. Varicella-zoster virus pneumonitis. CHEST-CHICAGO-, 106, 22-22. FIEL, S. 2001. Guidelines and Critical Pathways for Severe Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia*. Chest, 119, 412S. FINEGOLD, S. 1991. Aspiration pneumonia. Reviews of infectious diseases, 737-742. LUNA, C., FAMIGLIETTI, A., ABSI, R., VIDELA, A., NOGUEIRA, F., FUENZALIDA, A. GENÉ, R. 2000. Community-Acquired Pneumonia*. Chest, 118, 1344. MARIK, P. 2001. Aspiration pneumonitis and aspiration pneumonia. New England Journal of Medicine, 344, 665. NIEDERMAN, M., MANDELL, L., ANZUETO, A., BASS, J., BROUGHTON, W., CAMPBELL, G., DEAN, N., FILE, T., FINE, M. GROSS, P. 2001. Guidelines for the management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. Diagnosis, assessment of severity, antimicrobial therapy, and prevention. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 163, 1730. REED, E., BOWDEN, R., DANDLIKER, P., LILLEBY, K. MEYERS, J. 1988. Treatment of cytomegalovirus pneumonia with ganciclovir and intravenous cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin in patients with bone marrow transplants. Annals of internal medicine, 109, 783. SMITH-SIMS, K. 2001. Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia. The American Journal of Nursing, 101, 24-24.

tempnature Caliban as Representative of Natural Man in Shakespeares T

Caliban as Representative of Natural Man in The Tempest      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Tempest presents an argument against the concept of the noble savage through the character of Caliban.   Caliban is the main focus as far as the notion of "nature" and "natural man" is considered in the play.   Proof of this can be found in his name--"Caliban" sounds very similar to "cannibal," and hence serves to link him with primitive, natural man.   In the first scene of the play, Caliban's character is connected with the lower objects of the planet, including the "springs, brine-pits, barren place and fertile."   Caliban thus appears to be beneath most human men because of his bestial nature.   His mother's background also indicates that there may be quite a bit of evil in him.   Characters in the play call him a "monster," however, at times, Caliban speaks some of the most beautiful and lyrical language in the play.   Thus, Caliban, as the representative of nature, emerges as a very complex character.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the first scene, it seems as if Shakespeare intended to present Caliban as a beast and a savage.   However, two items come across to reveal the fact that Caliban is more than just a monster, he is a human being with real emotions (Wagner 13).   First, the audience sees a sense of sensitivity when Caliban reflects on his previous relationship with Prospero, when Prospero spared him and attempted to educate him.   Prospero exchanged his teachings for lessons from Caliban about the island itself; because Caliban is so close to nature, he is the best person to teach Prospero about it:    When thou cam'st first, Thou strok'st me and made much of me, wouldst give me Water with berries in 't, and teach me how To name the bigge... ...gne would expect to see.   Not only does Caliban act instinctually, thus pushing him beyond the bounds of morality, but he is also spiteful and angry.   On the other hand, Shakespeare does not demonstrate a bigoted response, for if he believed that the natives deserved what they got, he would not have made Caliban so sympathetic.   Hence, Caliban becomes a natural representation of what Shakespeare believed the natives were: a complex mixture of various aspects.    Works Cited    Ferguson, Francis.   Shakespeare: The Pattern in his Carpet. New York: Delacourt Press, 1970.    Knight, Wilson.   The Wheel of Fire.   London: Oxford University Press, 1930.    Thorndike, Ashley.   How Shakespeare Came to Write "The Tempest."   Garden City: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1969.    Wagner, Emmar.   Shakespeare's Tempest.   Yellow Springs: Antioch Press, 1933.

Truman, the Atomic Bomb, and the Shaping of the Postwar World Essay

Truman, the Atomic Bomb, and the Shaping of the Postwar World ABSTRACT Historians have questioned the decision to drop atomic bombs on Japan in 1945. Evidence shows that President Truman weighed not only military information in his decision to use the bomb, but also considered postwar politics and foreign policy when he considered dropping the atomic bomb on Japan. An analysis of his personal papers offers a different reasoning for using the bomb than what was commonly known at the time. The discrepancy between Truman’s public and private reasoning will be discussed. Many cultural and racial beliefs about the Japanese played into the decision to drop the atomic bomb. The private papers of President Truman as well as the diaries of other political and military figures offer helpful insights. Personal accounts of the scientists at the Trinity test site are also used in examining the decision to drop the atomic bomb. Herein, there is an analysis of post-war US foreign policy from an atomic perspective which allows a person from my generation to understand the policies that were created by and followed from the Cold War. Assumptions About Dropping the Bomb 1. Many American soldiers would have died in a land invasion of Japan. Absolutely. Casualty estimates ranged from 250,000 American casualties to more than 5,000,000 Japanese casualties in a land invasion of Japan’s home islands. The real question is was a land invasion necessary? 2. We had to use the atomic bomb in order to defeat Japan. False. There were a few options available to the United States at the time. The USSR was supposed to enter the Japanese war, blockade and (aerial sorties) bombing was an option ... ... "[M]y own opinion was that the time now and the method now to deal with Russia was to keep our mouths shut and let our actions speak for words. The Russians will understand them better than anything else. It is a case where we have got to regain the lead and perhaps do it in a pretty rough and realistic way. They have rather taken it away from us because we have talked too much and have been too lavish with our beneficences to them. †¦This was a place where we really held all the cards. I called it a royal straight flush and we mustn't be a fool about the way we play it. They can't get along without our help and industries and we have coming into action a weapon which will be unique [the atomic bomb]. Now the thing is not to get into unnecessary quarrels by talking too much and not to indicate any weakness by talking too much; let our actions speak for themselves."

Free Essays - Use of Excessiveness in Twelfth Night :: Twelfth Night essays

Use of Excessiveness in Twelfth Night There are many methods to catching an audience's attention. Shakespeare for example, uses the method of excessiveness in his characters. Proof of this is shown in various forms throughout the novel, beginning with Orsino's obsessed love of Olivia. Then followed by Olivia's mourning for her long lost brother, and then her sudden change in interest. As well as thirdly, Viola's attitude of excess towards Orsino, we can see the method used for yet another time. The first Act jumps quickly into this form of excessiveness, drawing the reader into the novel, and gives personality to the characters. The thought of somebody being in love with another, whom they have never met, and never spoken to, is pure insanity. This man is clearly infatuated with this woman to " an excess." He is a perfect example of excess, since he is the first to mention it, and shows it rather clearly in his actions towards Olivia. He sends her messengers, thinks about her all the time, and every move he makes, is somehow related to her, although she has no idea who he is. Olivia herself, is another prime example of excess. Olivia shows it in two main ways starting with the mourning of her brother and father's death. Mourning, on a whole is a good normal thing, but in excess, (in this case, 7 years), is too much. She needs to move on with her life, and go on and do things, but she doesn't realize this until the spotting of Viola/Cesario, which brings me to her second way. Olivia becomes excessive over her/him, sending her messenger out to fetch him, just so she can see her/him again. Our third of many examples of excess in this act, is Viola's love for Orsino. Instead of leaving the country she was brought to and go back home like any other person, she disguises as an eunuch, so she can work for him. She would do anything to make him happy, even help him get Olivia's love, just for him to notice her. I think that, qualifies for excessiveness in this play. As you can tell, Shakespeare used many examples of excess in his writing, from the very start of the first scene.

What Is Hypnosis? Describe the Psychological and Physical Aspects of Hypnosis and Discuss the Role of Relaxation in Hypnotherapy

Introduction This essay discusses the core characteristics of hypnosis, concentrating on its major psychological and physical features. It begins by providing a background of the practice. This is important because it draws out how the understanding and definition of hypnosis has changed over time. This is followed by a section considering the psychological and physical aspects of hypnosis, after which the final section discusses the importance of relaxation in hypnotherapy. Hypnosis is defined loosely as an altered mental state, superficially resembling sleep, characterised by a heightened awareness of subconscious detail (Brink 2008; Encyclopaedia Britannica 2004). This definition will be developed and expanded in greater detail throughout the essay. A full understanding of hypnosis and hypnotherapy requires that the practices are placed in their historical and cultural context. What is now known as hypnosis has been recorded on many occasions throughout history, dating back several millennia to the civilisations of ancient Egypt, Rome, and Greece. It was typically performed as part of shamanistic, religious or spiritual rituals (Brink 2008; Waterfield 2004). However, there is some scepticism regarding the veracity of these historical accounts (e.g., Waterfield 2004). Hypnosis in its modern Western form was first practiced by Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815), who was an Austrian physician. Mesmer understood it through the theoretical lens of ‘animal magnetism’ or ‘mesmerism’, which was related to the idea that health was contingent on the distribution of ‘universal fluids’. He believed that magnets could be used to direct these fluids, prevent blockages and ultimately cure disease; hypnosis worked similarly in Mesmer’s eyes in that it was able to transmit healing forces and produce cures (Waterfield 2004). This notion was developed following Mesmer’s death by Armand de Puysegur, who realised that dictation and verbal communication in the form of commands could induce trances (Hadley and Staudacher 1996). The theoretical groundwork laid by Mesmer and Puysegur was revised in the 19th century by James Braid (1795-1860), who realised that trance-like states could be brought on by suggestions as well as commands. Braid also redefined the practice, calling it ‘hypnotism’. The process began to gradually gain wider acceptance as a therapeutic agent, especially useful in the relief of pain and as an anaesthetic (Hadley and Staudacher 1996). The future of what is now known as hypnotherapy was secured in 1892 when the British Medical Association (BMA) commissioned a report on the characteristics of hypnosis for medical purposes, which yielded highly promising results (Waterfield 2004). Hypnosis and hypnotherapy were gradually refined and developed as new fields took interest and various schools of thought branched off in opposing directions, most notably in France. One of the most important developments was the relationship between Sigmund Freud and hypnosis, and it was this that saw the now crucial introduction of the theory of the unconscious mind into the practice (Waterfield 2004). Freud’s disenchantment with hypnosis in favour of psychoanalysis saw a decline in its popularity, although there was a revival after the 1950s when research unearthed a variety of new applications (Waterfield 2004). The work of Milton Erickson (1901-1980) was crucial in this respect. He built on Freud’s introduction of subconscious elements, and his success was essential in the creating the practice in its current form (Waterfield 2004). This provides an important backdrop in understanding what hypnosis actually is. It is useful at this stage to dispel a misconception, namely that hypnosis is a form of unconsciousness comparable to sleep. As shall be demonstrated, subjects are actually awake and capable of high levels of awareness, albeit not of the environment. It is more accurately described as a state of physical relaxation, including an altered state of consciousness in which the subconscious mind is more accessible and more active (Mason 2008, cited in Segi 2012: 27). In terms of its psychological characteristics, hypnosis can be described as natural, trancelike state. It is generally agreed that while under hypnosis a person has a heightened sense of focus or concentration, usually directed towards a specific object or memory, which entails an ability to block out distractions from outside (Segi 2012; Hadley and Staudacher 1996). One of the key psychological aspects of hypnosis is related to the subconscious mind, which in some shape or form is responsible for automatic and intuitive mental functions (Brink 2008; Hadley and Staudacher 1996). Since it has no clear location in the brain the subconscious can seem rather elusive, but it can be seen in many day-today tasks, such as typing, writing, or catching a ball. Driving is among the most oft-cited examples of subconscious functioning; it is common to internalise routes and to navigate while performing automatic processes such as changing gear without any memory of it. Tasks such as these can be carried out almost unknowingly and details often go largely unremembered (Brink 2008). Thus, the subconscious is highly active on a continuous basis. Hypnosis involves putting an individual in touch with the subconscious through intense concentration. It was previously thought that this was actually a kind of unconsciousness; however, as Hadley and Staudacher (1978) show, this view has come in for revision and new research has shown that a hypnotised person is fully awake and extremely focused; the appearance of unconsciousness arises because attention is diverted away from peripheral stimuli (Spiegel 1978). This is an important psychological and physical characteristic of hypnosis. One of the main psychological aspects of hypnosis is an increased susceptibility to suggestion (Brink 2008; Hadley and Staudacher 1996). The subject generally heeds only the suggestions of the hypnotist, and this appears to be done in ‘an uncritical, automatic fashion, ignoring all aspects of the environment†¦He sees, feels, smells, and otherwise perceives in accordance with the hypnotist’s suggestions, even though these suggestions may be in apparent contradiction to the stimuli that impinge upon him’ (Encyclopaedia Britannica 2004: 1). Moreover, the susceptibility to suggestion may be extended such that the subject is still under the ‘control’ of the hypnotist during ordinary, ‘waking’ activity (Heap and Dryden 1991). In terms of its physical aspects, hypnosis has several distinctive characteristics. In the first stage of the process, the subject’s body becomes extremely relaxed (this will be discussed further in the section on relaxation), which initiates a series of other physical changes. The heart rate, for example, slows considerably and with it the rate of breathing grows deeper and more rhythmic. As suggested earlier, this is not to be confused with deep sleep, which is characterised by a lack of awareness to external stimuli; rather it is a hypnotic trance in which the subject is highly attentive at all times. In fact, it is often argued that a hypnotic trance brings about a greater level of sensitivity to stimuli than usual (Karle and Boy 1987). This intense period of focus manifests in a physical change in the nature of brain activity. Physical evidence for this fact was first produced in 1929 when Hans Berger tested the brain activity of a hypnotised subject using the process of electroencephalography (the device is called an electroencephalogram or EEG) (Karle and Boy 1987). This measures electrical activity in the brain as waves. In order to understand the physical changes associated with hypnosis, it is necessary to briefly describe the four different kinds of brain waves: alpha, beta, theta, and delta. Under ordinary circumstances, mental activity produces beta waves. A heightened sense of relaxation creates more alpha waves; this state might be described as ‘light hypnosis’. As the body becomes increasingly relaxed, theta waves become dominant. This is associated with dreaming, or medium to deep hypnosis, as well as greater engagement with the subconscious. Finally, during periods of very deep hypnosis t he mind produces delta waves. These have an extremely low frequency and are usually created entirely by the subconscious, as during hypnosis or dreamless sleep (Brink 2008). In terms of underlying brain activity, therefore, the process of hypnosis initiates a transition that begins with beta waves and progresses through alpha, theta, and finally delta waves. Conversely, when a subject is brought out of hypnosis, or awakes from a deep, dreamless sleep, the stages of electrical activity in the brain are reversed, beginning with delta and ending with beta (Brink 2008). It is difficult to understand the nature of hypnosis, both psychologically and physically, without an appreciation of the tools and methods employed by a hypnotist. The inducement into a trance-like state is achieved through relaxation techniques as part of a process called ‘induction’ (Brink 2008; Hadley and Staudacher 1996). This can take different forms depending on the particular therapist, but the result is always broadly similar: a state of heightened focus on one or more specific and internal factors, and a decline in awareness of environmental or external stimuli (Hadley and Staudacher 1996). This is induced through verbal cues or instructions designed to induce a trance (Karle and Boys 1987). However, there is considerable variation in terms of the form this takes. Many therapists use authoritative commands, such as ‘you are now feeling relaxed’, or ‘I want you to picture yourself†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢; Alternatively, others employ a more suggestive style, including statements such as ‘maybe you would like to†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. While the details vary, however, all methods of induction tend to be characterised by a slow, clear prose style (Karle and Boys 1987). It is important to have an appreciation of the methods used to induce hypnosis as it is the essential precursor to the psychological and physical changes discussed in the first part of this essay. It is likewise crucial to understand the role of relaxation in hypnotherapy, as this is not only a crucial characteristic of the state itself but also the nexus between the beginning of the process and the transition into a hypnotic trance (Segi 2012). Hypnosis can only be achieved if the subject is sufficiently relaxed to disengage the conscious mind and engage the subconscious. This leaves an opening for suggestion and behavioural change, which are crucial components of hypnotherapy. In ordinary parlance, relaxation does not refer to the state necessary to induce a hypnotic trance but rather to the absence of strenuous mental or physical stimuli (Brink 2008). Thus, a person might be said to be relaxing on the sofa while reading a book. In actual fact, the conscious mind is still highly active at this stage, which precludes the opening up of the subconscious. Successful hypnotherapy requires a more ‘complete’ sense of physical and mental relaxation, including the alleviation of all forms of stress. There are various techniques involved here, but one of the most common is called Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR) (Brink 2008). This works by instructing the subject to systematically relax various areas of their body i ndependently and in stages, often focusing on muscle groups. This can also be achieved via ‘self-hypnosis’, and for many people is an important part of stress- or sleep-management strategies (Segi 2012; Brink 2008). The ability of hypnosis to induce this kind of state is one of its most unique qualities, and even if nothing else is achieved the mere process of compete relaxation is an important component of hypnotherapy (Hadley and Staudacher 1996). One thing to note is that complete relaxation of this kind is not artificial or unnatural. It is part of the ordinary human condition, and the role of hypnotherapy is simply to induce it under controlled circumstances and with a particular goal in mind (Robertson 2012; Brink 2008; Hadley and Staudacher 1996). This essay has discussed some of the competing historical notions of what hypnosis is, as well as the way it is understood by modern practitioners and theorists. Both the process of hypnosis and the practice of hypnotherapy have undergone considerable change in terms of the way they are understood. This has led up to the modern theory of hypnosis as a state of relaxation and increased accessibility to the subconscious. The crucial relationship between relaxation and hypnotherapy (and hypnosis) has been drawn out. Undoubtedly, the important role of hypnosis historically is matched today, and it can be seen as a major part of many rituals, medical procedures, leisure activities, sports, and entertainment (Segi 2012). References Brink, T. L. (2008) Psychology: A Student Friendly Approach http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/TLBrink_PSYCH13.pdf [Retrieved 18/05/2014] Encyclopaedia Britannica (2004) Hypnosis http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/279820/hypnosis [Recovered 18/05/2014] Hadley, J. and Staudacher, C. (1996) Hypnosis for Change, New Harbinger Publications Heap, M. and Dryden, W. (1991) Hypnotherapy: a Handbook. Berkshire: Open University Press Karle, H. and Boys, J. (1987) Hypnotherapy a Practical Handbook, London: Free Association Books Kirsch, I. (1994) Clinical hypnosis as a nondeceptive placebo: Empirically derived techniques, The American journal of clinical hypnosis 37 (2), pp. 95–106 Robertson, D (2012) The Practice of Cognitive-Behavioural Hypnotherapy: A Manual for Evidence-Based Clinical Hypnosis, London: Karnac Segi, S. (2012) Hypnosis for pain management, anxiety and behavioral disorders. Factiva. [Retrieved 18/05/2014] Spiegel, H. and Spiegel, D. (1978) Trance and Treatment, Basic Books Inc., New York Waterfield, R. (2004) Hidden Depths The Story of Hypnosis, London: Pan Books.

High school diploma Essay

Did you know that education in school is really important? Many parents believe that education is important because it leads to a degree which grants you a good job. With an education you can get a steady pay check. With that pay check you will get away to financial independence as an adult. Why is Education So Important? he first thing that strikes me about education is knowledge gain. Education gives us knowledge of the world around us. It develops in us a perspective of looking at life. It helps us build opinions and have points of view on things in life. People debate over the subject of whether education is the only thing that gives knowledge. Some say, education is the process of gaining information about the surrounding world while knowledge is something very different. They are right. But then, information cannot be converted into knowledge without the catalyst called education. Education makes us capable of interpreting things rightly. It is not just about lessons in textbooks. It is about the lessons of life. Did you know that education in school is really important? School and education help people you understand beyond the world around them. Education helps ones immediate family, area, region, country, culture, race, or civilization. These different subjects open up information and knowledge. An important aspect of education is learning how to learn in order differentiate fact from fiction. Education is important because it equips us with all that is needed to make our dreams come true. Education opens doors of brilliant career opportunities. It fetches better prospects in career and growth. Every employer of today requires his prospective employees to be well educated. He requires expertise. So, education becomes an eligibility criterion for employment into any sector of the industry. We are rewarded for exercising the expertise required for the field we venture. We are weighed in the market on the basis of our educational skills and how well we can apply them. Education brings about economic wealth, political stability and social prosperity; all these are hallmarks of a prosperous society. It can therefore be said that education playas an important role if a society is to be successful. Tertiary education is an important aspect in the development of any society that considers or aspires to be modern. It is by far the best investment that a nation or an individual can make in its youth or oneself respectively. Educated people are in a better position to contribute to the development of their country; these educated individuals get employment opportunities that give them satisfaction and also earn some form of respect among their work mates. It also plays an important role in the integration of a society in that by interacting with people from various areas, it will raise different issues that people in rural areas are facing thereby promoting knowledge and understanding of these areas Life is nothing without education? Life without education is like living in the streets. Without education you’ll become lost. You will not have a guaranteed future. You will no go home ridding your favorite car to your â€Å"Own’ home. By learning your basic alphabets you’ll work your way through to have a professional career. Therefore with out Education to school you will not learn at all. Life is never without education. In societies without formal schools, parents pass skills on to children. Education starts before you ever go to school and goes on after you finish school. That said, formal education is a great way to ensure that every child knows what is most necessary to live in a particular society. Without education you will be an illiterate person your children in the future will come up to you and you’re not going to know how to answer them with a right answer. Education will help build your own perspective. Schools are the place you school of started how to pronounce and count. Importance of education is needed in order to succeed in today’s world. In order to receive education you must go through some process. Your first process is to graduate from high school with your diploma. The next step is to attend college to obtain a degree in a trade that you would like to pursue. Without education you wouldn’t get good pay or promotion that you deserve. However, some people feel that they can get by in life without education, sadly that is not true. If you would like at the graphic at the bottom you will see that the higher the education you have the more money you can make. Education is important to have in today’s society. Importance of education able you to have a good job security and knowledge of your field supporting the hard work a person put into there education. Overall, school is the basic start that will drive you to your future. With knowledge you’ll get the sense of pride that you know must of the things. Education will help brighten your children’s future. 66% of the US population has a high school diploma or high. You should be amongst these people.

Fine Sediment Analysis and the Impacts of Fine Sediment Pollution in Brampton Arm of River Nene

All right Sediment Analysis and the Impacts of Fine Sediment Pollution in Brampton Arm of River Nene Introduction:All right deposits are recognized as the most common and important beginning of pollution in the riverine system ( Robinson, 1973 ) . The sediment burdens delivered to watercourses starts from a figure of upstream primary and secondary deposit beginnings, including cultivated Fieldss and bank eroding ( Collinset Al.1997 ) . Erosion procedures and sediment bringing are the built-in portion of aquatic systems that influence the geomorphology, habitat distribution and H2O quality. The aquatic communities are besides extremely adapted and they are able to get by with the natural baseline deposit inputs. Whereas, the healthy fresh water ecosystems besides require the proper inputs of deposits into the system to keep the home ground and alimentary fluxes ( Collinset Al.1997 ) . At the planetary graduated table suspended solids concentrations in many rivers has increase dramatically in the recent old ages ( Walling, 2006 ) . Existing grounds suggests that natural deposit burdens have been well exceeded in many catchment countries in the UK, peculiarly since World War II ( Evans, 2006 ) . The deposit lading into the rivers and channels may be due to some natural procedure and some are due to anthropogenetic activities. The anthropogenetic activities which are majorly involved in the sediment pollution of the rivers are: addition in the countries of cultivable cultivation, taking to the greater countries of bare and exposed dirts susceptible to erodings by winter rainfall ( Greig,et Al.2005 ) ; mechanized farm patterns which compact the dirt increases overflow and dirt eroding ( McMellinet Al.2002 ; Bilotta,et Al.2007 ) ; Intensification of agribusiness patterns by the usage of multiple cropping on cultivable land technique ( Heanetet al. ,2001 ) and increased bank eroding due to the loss of natural hydrology. Excessive all right deposits in suspension or deposited can hold negative impacts upon all the life phases of fish, peculiarly salmanid in many parts of United Kingdom ( Collins and Walling, 2007 ; Collinset al. ,2008 ) . The impacts upon the ecosystems will depend on several cardinal factors like: the concentration of all right deposits in the suspension ; the continuance of exposure to the deposits ; and the chemical composing of the sediment atom size ( Bilotta and Brazier, 2008 ) . These all factors can do the finding of the impacts of mulct suspended atoms on the vegetations and zoologies of the river and watercourse. Effectss of Higher Fine Sediment contents:the relationship between the higher mulct suspended deposits on fish varies mostly, as it depends upon the life phase, clip of twelvemonth, size of the fish, and the composing of the all right deposits and handiness of off-channel home ground ( Bashet al. ,2001 ) . The exposure magnitude and the continuance and the frequence of exposures ( Servizi and Martens, 1992 ) are other countries of concern. For illustration, in reappraisal of the published literature the threshold degrees of the mulct suspended deposits are based on the dose-response experiments which examines the impaired growing, reduced eating and mortality, i.e. 27-80,000 mh/l for Mollusca and 4-330,000mg/l for assorted fish species ( Berryet Al.2003 ) . These scopes of the badness of consequence of SS concentration are map of associated stressors which includes atom size, species life, phase of life, temperature, the presence of certain deposit associated contaminations and the s ediment burden continuance ( Swietliket al. ,2003 ) . Due to the complex nature of the interaction of such stressors, it is improbable that a comprehensive list of genus-based critical suspended deposit concentration marks can be developed in the short term ( USEPA, 2003 ) . The higher content of the finer suspended can besides ensue in the decreased reproduction and the growing of the fish through the debasement of engendering home grounds and surrounding eggs and yolk-sac Fry. For illustration Salmonid eggs requires clean and good oxygenated environment during the embryologic development phase, so eggs are laid in permeable crushed rock beds with interstitial pore infinites which allow the transition of oxygenated H2O, inordinate all right deposits in the H2O can choke off these interstitial pores, blockading the circulation of the fresh oxygenated H2O, which may cut down the egg endurance ( Carling, 1984 ; Mageeet al. ,1996 ) . Furthermore, other effects of the higher all right deposit contents in the river watercourse on the fish biology includes: gill irritation/traumas, tumours and gill flaring ( Berg, 1982 ; Schleiger, 2000 ) ; addition in the plasma glucose in their blood systems ( Servizi and Martens, 1987 ) ; cut downing the migrating population of fish ( Newcombe and Macdonald, 1991 ) , the turning away reaction of the fish compels them to travel off from the country of higher pollution ( Sigleret al. ,1984 ; Bashet al. ,2001 ) ; all right deposits exerts an of import control on the transportation and destiny of a broad scope of agricultural and industrial contamination ( Warrenet al. ,2003 ) , so the deposits can act as vectors for the transportation of the pollutants in the H2O organic structures, many of the pollutants which are transferred by the all right deposits have abilities to poison the H2O system, and do it unsuitable for the aquatic life to last ( Nealet al. ,1999 ) The above treatment can be summarized by stating that the high concentration of the mulct suspended deposits can negatively impact the fish population by cut downing ; 1 ) the diverseness of sensitive species, 2 ) overall population copiousness, 3 ) the proportion of the omnivores within the overall population. All these factors can hold impacts even at sub deadly concentrations of the mulct suspended solids, cumulatively cut downing the resiliency of fish species and hence their opposition to environmental emphasiss including other signifiers of the H2O pollution, marauders, disease and over development. The cause and effects of biological and chemical debasement are good documented ( Fozzard, 1994 ) . Soulsby et Al. ( 2001 ) carried a prelimary survey on the engendering home ground utilized by Atlantic Salmon ( Salmon Alar ) and Sea Trout ( Salmo trutta ) . The high contents of the suspended mulct deposits in the crushed rocks provide cheques on the pink-orange productions in the low-land watercourse ( Sear, 1993 ; Brogan and Soulsby, 1996 ; Acornely and Sear, 1998 ) . The addition in the all right deposits in fresh water ensuing from the anthropogenetic activities and inordinate urban development is the possible stressor for fish and therefore may do population diminution. Additionally it can be said that the turbid H2O and to a great extent silted bed deposits can degrade the watercourse home ground for unattached immature salmonids in affected watercourses ( Lisle and Lewis, 1992 ) . The UK criterions for the mulct suspended deposits were set up by the EU Freshwater Fish Directive ( FFD ) . The FFD defined some bounds for the all right deposits in the fresh water i.e. the suspended deposits should non transcend the average one-year value of 25 mg/l ( EU, FFD ) . This was the lone criterion guideline which should be achieved where possible. No imperative criterions ( the criterions which must be met ) were in being for the all right deposits in the UK ( S & A ; T Briefing Paper ) . A assortment of sediment grain size fractions have been considered by the environmental directors and research workers in their attempts to place aquatic impacts in past. There is immense figure of documents published in past that gave different criterions of the all right deposit content in the aquatic systems, some of them are mentioned below: After the amendment of the British Columbia Water Quality Guidelines for turbidness, suspended and benthal deposits, the new guidelines recommended that streambed composing at Salmonid engendering sites should non transcend 10 % of & lt ; 2mm, 19 % of & lt ; 3mm, and 25 % of & lt ; 6.35mm ( Caux et al. , 1997 ) ; McNeil and Ahnell ( 1964 ) , they suggested that an addition in sediment volume of atoms less than 0.833 millimeter would ensue in both reduced permeableness and generative success ; Whereas, harmonizing to Chapman ( 1988 ) silver salmon and buddy salmon endurance was reciprocally relative to increase in particle size less than 3.3 m illimeter. Furthermore, he besides reported that any per centum of 6-12 millimeter atoms above 15 % or of atoms less than 6mm above 25 % reduces the opportunities of endurance of salmon eggs. Reasoning the above treatment, irrespective of the specific grain size of the deposits, it is readily evident that an surplus of all right grain deposit has possible to negative impacts on the biodiversity of the aquatic ecosystems. It has already been discussed that big figure or surplus of all right deposits would impair the reproduction behaviour of the fish and other life signifiers in aquatic ecosystems. Purposes of present survey:the chief purpose of the present survey is to happen out the all right deposit content of the Brampton Arm of the River Nene, and to compare the all right deposits in the watercourse with the above literature. The criterions proposed by Caux et Al. ( 1997 ) , would be used as mention for this survey. Furthermore, on the footing of the consequences of the experiment, we would hold a clear image of the all right deposit contents of the river watercourse under survey, to pull a decision whether the all right deposits would impact the fish biodiversity in the river watercourse or non. Methods:The method employed for the aggregation of the all right river bed deposits was simple Mac Neil Sampling technique. Three pails of the Mac Neil samples were collected at the site. The samples were dried and so sieved through the BS criterion screens in research lab to hold the clear image of the sediment contents of the subsurface river bed. For the surface grain size appraisal, Wolman technique was used to acquire an estimation for the surface grain size proportions. Consequences:the consequences are attached as graphs in annexures of this study. The analysis of the consequences which are attached asGraph 1shows that the riffle sample of the Bramptom arm of the river Nene was ill sorted ; the deposits were flaxen class crushed rock. It had big sum of class crushed rock and low measure of the really all right sand. The statistics of the sample are attached asTable 1in the annexures of this study. The measure of the really all right sand is below 2 % , whereas, it had big proportion of the medium crushed rock nowadays in it. The analysis of the ripple sample shows that the part of the river watercourse had really low all right deposits in it, which would impact the biodiversity and the fishing home grounds and angling community in the river. TheGraph 2,attached as an annexure, shows the consequences of the analysis of the 2nd sample which was attained at the Pool/Riffle Glide subdivision of the river watercourse. Again the sample was ill sorted and there was a loss of 1.2 % of the sample during the sieving operation. The sample showed the belongingss of sand crushed rock. There was a big proportion of the crushed rock nowadays in the sample, whereas, the sand is merely approximately 25 % . Further grain size distribution shows that the sample contained all right sand of approximately 2.9 % , and the really all right sand is below 1 % . As the sample can be classified as flaxen Gravel, it had major proportion of class crushed rock atoms, whereas, the all right crushed rock is non in important per centums. TheTable 2attached as the annexure shows the sum-up of the sample which was analyzed. Uniting both the samples, the loss of weight on sieving is 3.3 % . The comparative hapless sorting and the loss of weight of sample, h as decidedly impacted the consequences of the analysis. The loss may be termed as general sieving mistakes and mistakes related to the human carelessness. Discussions:on the footing of the consequences, certain decisions are drawn to acquire clearer image of the type of the river deposits present in the Brampton Arm of the river Nene. There was an overall loss of 3.3 % of the sample during the sieving operations. The mistake impacted the consequences of the analysis. Furthermore, the samples were ill sorted, which may be as a consequence of general human mistakes or deficient clip for screening operations. The tabular arraies and Graphs have been attached with this study to back up the treatment which was carried out in the literature above. As there are no perfect empirical criterions available by which we can compare the consequences of the experiment to happen out the measure of the all right deposits present in the river watercourse. For the interest of convenience, the criterions put frontward by British Columbia Water Quality Guidelines for turbidness, suspended and benthal deposits were used to compare the sum of all right deposits in the river watercourse. As mentioned above in literature part of the study, the all right deposits & lt ; 2mm should non transcend 10 % by proportion in the river watercourse. Sediments mensurating & lt ; 2mm if exceeds in the per centum proportion would hold hurtful impacts upon the fish home grounds and the other biodiversity nowadays in the river H2O. The overall consequences drawn from the experiments, and by graphs and tabular arraies, we came to a decision that the entire per centum of the atoms and the deposits less than 2mm were 12.2 % . The per centum is rather higher than the criterions proposed by the British Columbia Water Quality Guidelines. The dirt fish life in the country under survey may be held responsible for the addition in the all right deposits in the river system. Another ground behind this scenario may be that the country from where the Brampton arm of river Nene base on ballss had a big arable land around it, so any agricultural activity transporting out may be able contributes the all right deposit pollution in the river watercourse.